Git command line cheatsheet.
# To set your identity:
git config --global user.name "John Doe"
git config --global user.email johndoe@example.com
# To set your editor:
git config --global core.editor emacs
# To enable color:
git config --global color.ui true
# To stage all changes for commit:
git add --all
# To commit staged changes
git commit -m "Your commit message"
# To edit previous commit message
git commit --amend
# Git commit in the past
git commit --date="`date --date='2 day ago'`"
git commit --date="Jun 13 18:30:25 IST 2015"
# more recent versions of Git also support --date="2 days ago" directly
# To removed staged and working directory changes
git reset --hard
# To go 2 commits back
git reset --hard HEAD~2
# To remove untracked files
git clean -f -d
# To remove untracked and ignored files
git clean -f -d -x
# To push to the tracked master branch:
git push origin master
# To push to a specified repository:
git push git@github.com:username/project.git
# To delete the branch "branch_name"
git branch -D branch_name
# To make an exisiting branch track a remote branch
git branch -u upstream/foo
# To see who commited which line in a file
git blame filename
# To sync a fork with the master repo:
git remote add upstream git@github.com:name/repo.git # Set a new repo
git remote -v # Confirm new remote repo
git fetch upstream # Get branches
git branch -va # List local - remote branches
git checkout master # Checkout local master branch
git checkout -b new_branch # Create and checkout a new branch
git merge upstream/master # Merge remote into local repo
git show 83fb499 # Show what a commit did.
git show 83fb499:path/fo/file.ext # Shows the file as it appeared at 83fb499.
git diff branch_1 branch_2 # Check difference between branches
git log # Show all the commits
git status # Show the changes from last commit
# Commit history of a set of files
git log --pretty=email --patch-with-stat --reverse --full-index -- Admin\*.py > Sripts.patch
# Import commits from another repo
git --git-dir=../some_other_repo/.git format-patch -k -1 --stdout <commit SHA> | git am -3 -k
# View commits that will be pushed
git log @{u}..
# View changes that are new on a feature branch
git log -p feature --not master
git diff master...feature
# Interactive rebase for the last 7 commits
git rebase -i @~7
# Diff files WITHOUT considering them a part of git
# This can be used to diff files that are not in a git repo!
git diff --no-index path/to/file/A path/to/file/B
# To pull changes while overwriting any local commits
git fetch --all
git reset --hard origin/master
Setup
-----
git clone <repo>
clone the repository specified by <repo>; this is similar to "checkout" in
some other version control systems such as Subversion and CVS
Add colors to your ~/.gitconfig file:
[color]
ui = auto
[color "branch"]
current = yellow reverse
local = yellow
remote = green
[color "diff"]
meta = yellow bold
frag = magenta bold
old = red bold
new = green bold
[color "status"]
added = yellow
changed = green
untracked = cyan
Highlight whitespace in diffs
[color]
ui = true
[color "diff"]
whitespace = red reverse
[core]
whitespace=fix,-indent-with-non-tab,trailing-space,cr-at-eol
Add aliases to your ~/.gitconfig file:
[alias]
st = status
ci = commit
br = branch
co = checkout
df = diff
dc = diff --cached
lg = log -p
lol = log --graph --decorate --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
lola = log --graph --decorate --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit --all
ls = ls-files
# Show files ignored by git:
ign = ls-files -o -i --exclude-standard
Configuration
-------------
git config -e [--global]
edit the .git/config [or ~/.gitconfig] file in your $EDITOR
git config --global user.name 'John Doe'
git config --global user.email johndoe@example.com
sets your name and email for commit messages
git config branch.autosetupmerge true
tells git-branch and git-checkout to setup new branches so that git-pull(1)
will appropriately merge from that remote branch. Recommended. Without this,
you will have to add --track to your branch command or manually merge remote
tracking branches with "fetch" and then "merge".
git config core.autocrlf true
This setting tells git to convert the newlines to the system's standard
when checking out files, and to LF newlines when committing in
git config --list
To view all options
git config apply.whitespace nowarn
To ignore whitespace
You can add "--global" after "git config" to any of these commands to make it
apply to all git repos (writes to ~/.gitconfig).
Info
----
git reflog
Use this to recover from *major* mess ups! It's basically a log of the
last few actions and you might have luck and find old commits that
have been lost by doing a complex merge.
git diff
show a diff of the changes made since your last commit
to diff one file: "git diff -- <filename>"
to show a diff between staging area and HEAD: `git diff --cached`
git status
show files added to the staging area, files with changes, and untracked files
git log
show recent commits, most recent on top. Useful options:
--color with color
--graph with an ASCII-art commit graph on the left
--decorate with branch and tag names on appropriate commits
--stat with stats (files changed, insertions, and deletions)
-p with full diffs
--author=foo only by a certain author
--after="MMM DD YYYY" ex. ("Jun 20 2008") only commits after a certain date
--before="MMM DD YYYY" only commits that occur before a certain date
--merge only the commits involved in the current merge conflicts
git log <ref>..<ref>
show commits between the specified range. Useful for seeing changes from remotes:
git log HEAD..origin/master # after git remote update
git show <rev>
show the changeset (diff) of a commit specified by <rev>, which can be any
SHA1 commit ID, branch name, or tag (shows the last commit (HEAD) by default)
also to show the contents of a file at a specific revision, use
git show <rev>:<filename>
this is similar to cat-file but much simpler syntax.
git show --name-only <rev>
show only the names of the files that changed, no diff information.
git blame <file>
show who authored each line in <file>
git blame <file> <rev>
show who authored each line in <file> as of <rev> (allows blame to go back in
time)
git gui blame
really nice GUI interface to git blame
git whatchanged <file>
show only the commits which affected <file> listing the most recent first
E.g. view all changes made to a file on a branch:
git whatchanged <branch> <file> | grep commit |
colrm 1 7 | xargs -I % git show % <file>
this could be combined with git remote show <remote> to find all changes on
all branches to a particular file.
git diff <commit> head path/to/fubar
show the diff between a file on the current branch and potentially another branch
git diff --cached [<file>]
shows diff for staged (git-add'ed) files (which includes uncommitted git cherry-pick'ed files)
git ls-files
list all files in the index and under version control.
git ls-remote <remote> [HEAD]
show the current version on the remote repo. This can be used to check whether
a local is required by comparing the local head revision.
Adding / Deleting
-----------------
git add <file1> <file2> ...
add <file1>, <file2>, etc... to the project
git add <dir>
add all files under directory <dir> to the project, including subdirectories
git add .
add all files under the current directory to the project
*WARNING*: including untracked files.
git rm <file1> <file2> ...
remove <file1>, <file2>, etc... from the project
git rm $(git ls-files --deleted)
remove all deleted files from the project
git rm --cached <file1> <file2> ...
commits absence of <file1>, <file2>, etc... from the project
Ignoring
---------
Option 1:
Edit $GIT_DIR/.git/info/exclude. See Environment Variables below for explanation on $GIT_DIR.
Option 2:
Add a file .gitignore to the root of your project. This file will be checked in.
Either way you need to add patterns to exclude to these files.
Staging
-------
git add <file1> <file2> ...
git stage <file1> <file2> ...
add changes in <file1>, <file2> ... to the staging area (to be included in
the next commit
git add -p
git stage --patch
interactively walk through the current changes (hunks) in the working
tree, and decide which changes to add to the staging area.
git add -i
git stage --interactive
interactively add files/changes to the staging area. For a simpler
mode (no menu), try `git add --patch` (above)
Unstaging
---------
git reset HEAD <file1> <file2> ...
remove the specified files from the next commit
Committing
----------
git commit <file1> <file2> ... [-m <msg>]
commit <file1>, <file2>, etc..., optionally using commit message <msg>,
otherwise opening your editor to let you type a commit message
git commit -a
commit all files changed since your last commit
(does not include new (untracked) files)
git commit -v
commit verbosely, i.e. includes the diff of the contents being committed in
the commit message screen
git commit --amend
edit the commit message of the most recent commit
git commit --amend <file1> <file2> ...
redo previous commit, including changes made to <file1>, <file2>, etc...
Branching
---------
git branch
list all local branches
git branch -r
list all remote branches
git branch -a
list all local and remote branches
git branch <branch>
create a new branch named <branch>, referencing the same point in history as
the current branch
git branch <branch> <start-point>
create a new branch named <branch>, referencing <start-point>, which may be
specified any way you like, including using a branch name or a tag name
git push <repo> <start-point>:refs/heads/<branch>
create a new remote branch named <branch>, referencing <start-point> on the
remote. Repo is the name of the remote.
Example: git push origin origin:refs/heads/branch-1
Example: git push origin origin/branch-1:refs/heads/branch-2
Example: git push origin branch-1 ## shortcut
git branch --track <branch> <remote-branch>
create a tracking branch. Will push/pull changes to/from another repository.
Example: git branch --track experimental origin/experimental
git branch --set-upstream <branch> <remote-branch> (As of Git 1.7.0)
Make an existing branch track a remote branch
Example: git branch --set-upstream foo origin/foo
git branch -d <branch>
delete the branch <branch>; if the branch you are deleting points to a
commit which is not reachable from the current branch, this command
will fail with a warning.
git branch -r -d <remote-branch>
delete a remote-tracking branch.
Example: git branch -r -d wycats/master
git branch -D <branch>
even if the branch points to a commit not reachable from the current branch,
you may know that that commit is still reachable from some other branch or
tag. In that case it is safe to use this command to force git to delete the
branch.
git checkout <branch>
make the current branch <branch>, updating the working directory to reflect
the version referenced by <branch>
git checkout -b <new> <start-point>
create a new branch <new> referencing <start-point>, and check it out.
git push <repository> :<branch>
removes a branch from a remote repository.
Example: git push origin :old_branch_to_be_deleted
git co <branch> <path to new file>
Checkout a file from another branch and add it to this branch. File
will still need to be added to the git branch, but it's present.
Eg. git co remote_at_origin__tick702_antifraud_blocking ..../...nt_elements_for_iframe_blocked_page.rb
git show <branch> -- <path to file that does not exist>
Eg. git show remote_tick702 -- path/to/fubar.txt
show the contents of a file that was created on another branch and that
does not exist on the current branch.
git show <rev>:<repo path to file>
Show the contents of a file at the specific revision. Note: path has to be
absolute within the repo.
Merging
-------
git merge <branch>
merge branch <branch> into the current branch; this command is idempotent
and can be run as many times as needed to keep the current branch
up-to-date with changes in <branch>
git merge <branch> --no-commit
merge branch <branch> into the current branch, but do not autocommit the
result; allows you to make further tweaks
git merge <branch> -s ours
merge branch <branch> into the current branch, but drops any changes in
<branch>, using the current tree as the new tree
Cherry-Picking
--------------
git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] <commit>
selectively merge a single commit from another local branch
Example: git cherry-pick 7300a6130d9447e18a931e898b64eefedea19544
git hash-object <file-path>
get the blob of some file whether it is in a repository or not
Find the commit in the repository that contains the file blob:
obj_blob="$1"
git log --pretty=format:'%T %h %s'
| while read tree commit subject ; do
if git ls-tree -r $tree | grep -q "$obj_blob" ; then
echo $commit "$subject"
fi
done
Squashing
---------
WARNING: "git rebase" changes history. Be careful. Google it.
git rebase --interactive HEAD~10
(then change all but the first "pick" to "squash")
squash the last 10 commits into one big commit
Conflicts
---------
git mergetool
work through conflicted files by opening them in your mergetool (opendiff,
kdiff3, etc.) and choosing left/right chunks. The merged result is staged for
commit.
For binary files or if mergetool won't do, resolve the conflict(s) manually
and then do:
git add <file1> [<file2> ...]
Once all conflicts are resolved and staged, commit the pending merge with:
git commit
Sharing
-------
git fetch <remote>
update the remote-tracking branches for <remote> (defaults to "origin").
Does not initiate a merge into the current branch (see "git pull" below).
git pull
fetch changes from the server, and merge them into the current branch.
Note: .git/config must have a [branch "some_name"] section for the current
branch, to know which remote-tracking branch to merge into the current
branch. Git 1.5.3 and above adds this automatically.
git push
update the server with your commits across all branches that are *COMMON*
between your local copy and the server. Local branches that were never
pushed to the server in the first place are not shared.
git push origin <branch>
update the server with your commits made to <branch> since your last push.
This is always *required* for new branches that you wish to share. After
the first explicit push, "git push" by itself is sufficient.
git push origin <branch>:refs/heads/<branch>
E.g. git push origin twitter-experiment:refs/heads/twitter-experiment
Which, in fact, is the same as git push origin <branch> but a little
more obvious what is happening.
Reverting
---------
git revert <rev>
reverse commit specified by <rev> and commit the result. This does *not* do
the same thing as similarly named commands in other VCS's such as "svn
revert" or "bzr revert", see below
git checkout <file>
re-checkout <file>, overwriting any local changes
git checkout .
re-checkout all files, overwriting any local changes. This is most similar
to "svn revert" if you're used to Subversion commands
Fix mistakes / Undo
-------------------
git reset --hard
abandon everything since your last commit; this command can be DANGEROUS.
If merging has resulted in conflicts and you'd like to just forget about
the merge, this command will do that.
git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD or git reset --hard origin/master
undo your most recent *successful* merge *and* any changes that occurred
after. Useful for forgetting about the merge you just did. If there are
conflicts (the merge was not successful), use "git reset --hard" (above)
instead.
git reset --soft HEAD^
forgot something in your last commit? That's easy to fix. Undo your last
commit, but keep the changes in the staging area for editing.
git commit --amend
redo previous commit, including changes you've staged in the meantime.
Also used to edit commit message of previous commit.
Plumbing
--------
test <sha1-A> = $(git merge-base <sha1-A> <sha1-B>)
determine if merging sha1-B into sha1-A is achievable as a fast forward;
non-zero exit status is false.
Stashing
--------
git stash
git stash save <optional-name>
save your local modifications to a new stash (so you can for example
"git svn rebase" or "git pull")
git stash apply
restore the changes recorded in the stash on top of the current working tree
state
git stash pop
restore the changes from the most recent stash, and remove it from the stack
of stashed changes
git stash list
list all current stashes
git stash show <stash-name> -p
show the contents of a stash - accepts all diff args
git stash drop [<stash-name>]
delete the stash
git stash clear
delete all current stashes
Remotes
-------
git remote add <remote> <remote_URL>
adds a remote repository to your git config. Can be then fetched locally.
Example:
git remote add coreteam git://github.com/wycats/merb-plugins.git
git fetch coreteam
git push <remote> :refs/heads/<branch>
delete a branch in a remote repository
git push <remote> <remote>:refs/heads/<remote_branch>
create a branch on a remote repository
Example: git push origin origin:refs/heads/new_feature_name
git push <repository> +<remote>:<new_remote>
replace a <remote> branch with <new_remote>
think twice before do this
Example: git push origin +master:my_branch
git remote prune <remote>
prune deleted remote-tracking branches from "git branch -r" listing
git remote add -t master -m master origin git://example.com/git.git/
add a remote and track its master
git remote show <remote>
show information about the remote server.
git checkout -b <local branch> <remote>/<remote branch>
Eg.:
git checkout -b myfeature origin/myfeature
git checkout -b myfeature remotes/<remote>/<branch>
Track a remote branch as a local branch. It seems that
somtimes an extra 'remotes/' is required, to see the exact
branch name, 'git branch -a'.
git pull <remote> <branch>
git push
For branches that are remotely tracked (via git push) but
that complain about non-fast forward commits when doing a
git push. The pull synchronizes local and remote, and if
all goes well, the result is pushable.
git fetch <remote>
Retrieves all branches from the remote repository. After
this 'git branch --track ...' can be used to track a branch
from the new remote.
Submodules
----------
git submodule add <remote_repository> <path/to/submodule>
add the given repository at the given path. The addition will be part of the
next commit.
git submodule update [--init]
Update the registered submodules (clone missing submodules, and checkout
the commit specified by the super-repo). --init is needed the first time.
git submodule foreach <command>
Executes the given command within each checked out submodule.
Removing submodules
1. Delete the relevant line from the .gitmodules file.
2. Delete the relevant section from .git/config.
3. Run git rm --cached path_to_submodule (no trailing slash).
4. Commit and delete the now untracked submodule files.
Updating submodules
To update a submodule to a new commit:
1. update submodule:
cd <path to submodule>
git pull
2. commit the new version of submodule:
cd <path to toplevel>
git commit -m "update submodule version"
3. check that the submodule has the correct version
git submodule status
If the update in the submodule is not committed in the
main repository, it is lost and doing git submodule
update will revert to the previous version.
Patches
-------
git format-patch HEAD^
Generate the last commit as a patch that can be applied on another
clone (or branch) using 'git am'. Format patch can also generate a
patch for all commits using 'git format-patch HEAD^ HEAD'
All page files will be enumerated with a prefix, e.g. 0001 is the
first patch.
git format-patch <Revision>^..<Revision>
Generate a patch for a single commit. E.g.
git format-patch d8efce43099^..d8efce43099
Revision does not need to be fully specified.
git am <patch file>
Applies the patch file generated by format-patch.
git diff --no-prefix > patchfile
Generates a patch file that can be applied using patch:
patch -p0 < patchfile
Useful for sharing changes without generating a git commit.
Tags
----
git tag -l
Will list all tags defined in the repository.
git co <tag_name>
Will checkout the code for a particular tag. After this you'll
probably want to do: 'git co -b <some branch name>' to define
a branch. Any changes you now make can be committed to that
branch and later merged.
Archive
-------
git archive master | tar -x -C /somewhere/else
Will export expanded tree as tar archive at given path
git archive master | bzip2 > source-tree.tar.bz2
Will export archive as bz2
git archive --format zip --output /full/path master
Will export as zip
Git Instaweb
------------
git instaweb --httpd=webrick [--start | --stop | --restart]
Environment Variables
---------------------
GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
Your full name to be recorded in any newly created commits. Overrides
user.name in .git/config
GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
Your email address to be recorded in any newly created commits. Overrides
user.email in .git/config
GIT_DIR
Location of the repository to use (for out of working directory repositories)
GIT_WORKING_TREE
Location of the Working Directory - use with GIT_DIR to specifiy the working directory root
or to work without being in the working directory at all.
Changing history
----------------
Change author for all commits with given name
git filter-branch --commit-filter '
if [ "$GIT_COMMITTER_NAME" = "<Old Name>" ];
then
GIT_COMMITTER_NAME="<New Name>";
GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="<New Name>";
GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL="<New Email>";
GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="<New Email>";
git commit-tree "$@";
else
git commit-tree "$@";
fi' HEAD
##
# More git commands
##
# To set your identify:
git config --global user.name "John Doe"
git config --global user.email johndoe@example.com
# To set your editor:
git config --global core.editor emacs
# To enable color:
git config --global color.ui true
# To stage all changes for commit:
git add --all
# To commit staged changes
git commit -m "Your commit message"
# To push to the tracked master branch:
git push origin master
# To push to a specified repository:
git push git@github.com:username/project.git
# To sync a fork with the master repo:
git remote add upstream git@github.com:name/repo.git # Set a new repo
git remote -v # Confirm new remote repo
git fetch upstream # Get branches
git branch -va # List local - remote branches
git checkout master # Checkout local master branch
git merge upstream/master # Merge remote into local repo
git show 83fb499 # Show what a commit did.